Hypothyroidism: Understanding the Condition

Hypothyroidism is a medical condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland, which fails to produce sufficient thyroxine hormone. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, energy production, and various bodily functions.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

The symptoms of hypothyroidism can be vague and may resemble those of other conditions, making diagnosis challenging. Common symptoms include:

– Changes in menstrual cycle
– Depression
– Dry skin and hair
– Constipation
– Slow heart rate
– Fatigue
– Swelling of the thyroid gland
– Unexplained weight gain or difficulty losing weight
– Carpal tunnel syndrome

Hypothyroidism in Infants

Hypothyroidism can occur in infants born without a thyroid gland or with a malfunctioning thyroid gland. Symptoms in infants may include:

– Yellowing of skin and whites of eyes
– Large protruding tongue
– Hoarse voice
– Umbilical hernia
– Breathing difficulties
– Constipation
– Excessive sleepiness
– Poor muscle tone

Causes of Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is caused by inadequate functioning of the thyroid gland, often due to:

– Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder
– Over-response to hyperthyroidism treatment
– Thyroid surgery
– Radiation therapy
– Iodine deficiency

Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism

Diagnosis involves:

– Blood tests to measure thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) levels
– Fasting for 12 hours before the blood test

Treatment of Hypothyroidism

Treatment typically involves:

– Synthetic thyroid hormone (T4) replacement therapy
– Daily medication at a prescribed dose

Complications of Hypothyroidism

Untreated or improperly treated hypothyroidism can lead to:

– Goiter (thyroid swelling)
– Increased risk of heart disease and heart failure
– Depression
– Peripheral neuropathy
– Myxedema (a rare, life-threatening condition)
– Infertility
– Birth defects in babies born to women with untreated hypothyroidism

References:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284
https://www.webmd.com/women/hypothyroidism-underactive-thyroid-symptoms-causes-treatments#1
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-overview
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothyroidism